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'SAYC' redirects here. For Mitsubishi's S-AYC (Super Active Yaw Control) technology, see. Standard American is a bidding system for the game of widely used in North America and elsewhere. Owing to the popularization of the game by in the 1950s and 1960s, its earliest versions were sometimes referred to simply as 'Goren'. With the addition and evolution of various and, it is now more generally referred to as Modern Standard American. It is a natural bidding system based on and a strong notrump; players may add conventions and refine the meanings of bids through partnership agreements summarized in their. One standardised version, SAYC (Standard American Yellow Card), is widely used by casual partnerships and in online bridge. Contents • • • • • • • Role of bidding systems [ ] The purpose of bidding during the auction phase of each deal is to exchange information with one's partner in order to arrive at an while concurrently contending with the opponents' attempts to do likewise. ![]() Playing and bidding logic vastly improved. Free Printable Bridge Tally Sheets. Five-card majors, SAYC, Precision, 2/1, Acol, and other bidding systems. Free Html To Pdf, Free Jpg To Pdf. GetPDF allows you to create PDF files. Advanced Encryption Standard- the one, accepted by American. Standard Bidding With SAYC [Ned Downey, Ellen Pomer] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Standard American Yellow Card or SAYC is described and explained in this book. This book aids anyone wanting to learn and understand SAYC. EBooksBridge Standard Bidding with SAYC - What is Standard Bidding? This is an increasingly hard question to answer, but the proliferation of bridge on the Internet in pickup partnerships makes it imperative that someone does so. Perhaps the most popular natural system for the hundreds of thousands of. A bidding system is a set of agreements about the meanings of the different bids that the players can make. Each bid provides information about the hand's high-card strength and suit distribution based upon techniques. History [ ] 'Standard American' was the label given to the bridge bidding system developed by and his contemporaries in the 1940s. This system was the first to employ the point-count method to evaluate the strength of a bridge hand. Most bids had fairly specific requirements regarding hand strength and suit distribution. The Goren point-count system became so popular that nearly all bridge players in the United States, social and tournament players alike, used it. American bridge teams won world championships using Goren's Standard American. Modifications began to appear from the 1960s forward. By the year 2000, some completely new bidding systems had evolved, including ' which, although still relying on point-count rules for hand evaluation, are otherwise substantial departures from early Goren methods. Most tournament pairs now assemble their own system from a variety of new treatments and conventions that have evolved. The nearest thing to a common system in tournament play is the 'Standard American Yellow Card' (SAYC) promulgated by the. SAYC is widely used in internet bridge play, but only rarely in on-site tournament play. Most common elements [ ] The essential common elements of modern Standard American systems are: • A hand-strength requirement of at least 12-13 points to open 1-of-a-suit. •: opening a major suit promises at least a five-card holding in that suit. •: Two diamond, heart or spade openers are made with a sound six-card suit in a hand without enough overall strength to open 1 of the suit. •: All unbalanced hands too strong to open at the one-level are opened with an artificial 2 ♣ call, as well as balanced hands stronger than 22 HCP (unless opener has the right strength for a 3NT opening bid). •: All suit openings above the two level are pre-emptive, promising a long and strong suit. • Limit Raises: A jump-raise of the opener's suit by responder, in the absence of opponent interference, is invitational to game. In Goren's system, this was a strong game-forcing raise. • Notrump openers show a balanced hand, with the following common point ranges: • 1NT = 15-17 HCP • 2NT = 20-21 HCP • 3NT = 25-27 HCP • Common notrump follow-up conventions include, and. SAYC [ ] Standard American as a base. Some of the specific agreements in Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) that elaborate on basic Standard American are: • A 2 ♣ response to a 1 NT opening is specified as the 'non-forcing' version of the Stayman convention. • A 2 ♠ response to a 1 NT opening forces the opener to bid 3 ♣, so that the responder may play there or bid 3 ♦, which the opener is expected to pass. • Straight is used, and not the 'Roman Key-Card' or other variation. • In response to a 2 ♣ opening, the 2 ♦ response is the 'waiting' version of that response. • In response to a weak-two opening, RONF ('Raise Only Non-Force') is used. • The is used to show a game-forcing raise of a major suit with four-card support. • are used through the level of 2 ♠. • and are used. • Conventions are specified as being 'off' in response to a 1NT overcall, except that 2 ♣ is still Stayman. See also [ ] • • References [ ] • Standard American 21 by John Sheridan Thomas, • Standard Bidding with SAYC by Ned Downey & Ellen Pomer,, External links [ ] • by the American Contract Bridge League. Informed me that Sayers Media Group tomorrow will launch. What is PBX Prompts? It's pretty much what it sounds like. PBX Prompts offers a variety of standard voice prompt packages for Asterisk and other open-source systems such as Fonality, SwitchVox, and Pingtel, as well as custom voice prompts for IVR or voicemail. ![]() So why would you need prompts for Asterisk and these other solutions when they already come pre-loaded with prompts? Well, according to PBX Prompts, 'Based on our experience working with a number of Asterisk resellers, integrators, and consultants, we found that there was a need for highly quality direct replacements for the standard Asterisk voice prompts. Out of this feedback, we have created PBX Prompts.' 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In this study, a comparative analysis of the volatile metabolomic signature of BC cell lines (T-47D, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7) and normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC), was carried out, in order to identify BC-specific VOCs and to identify a set of biomarkers that could hopefully be correlated with VOCs released in vivo by BC cells. This finding will improve the knowledge about the origin of VOCs and providing comprehensive information as potential BC biomarkers. This strategy can help reveal novel BC biomarkers that might expand the current understanding of this multi-factorial disease. The GC–qMS analyses allow specific identification of VOCs, while multivariate statistical analysis is able to differentiate and discriminate oncologic from normal cells providing proof-of-principle for the detection of different volatile metabolomic patterns in target cells. VOCs associated with normal breast cells (HMEC) and BC cell lines (T-47D, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells) were investigated. The cell lines for the present study were chosen based on their different molecular characteristics (): namely, the expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), the progesterone receptor (PR), and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). It is well known that BC is heterogeneous and that its prognosis and treatment depends on the molecular subtype of the cancer cells. The VOCs arising from the cellular metabolism were studied using HS-SPME/GC-MS: (a) by direct analysis of the headspace of the culture flasks after cell growth (these results are hereinafter designated as “Cells”); and (b) by analysis of the volatile metabolites from the culture media at different pH values. From the analysis of chromatograms, it was possible to identify 60 VOCs belonging to distinct chemical groups, namely, alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, acids, alcohols and benzene derivatives. VOC signature of BC cell lines and breast normal cells We identified twenty-six VOCs belonging to several chemical groups (): namely, alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, acids, alcohols and benzene derivatives (). From these VOCs, 13 were found to be common in all studied breast cells (both normal and cancerous), 5 were present only in normal breast cells (HMEC), and 2 compounds were identified only in the MCF-7 breast cell line. As can be observed in, the MCF-7 cell line demonstrated the most complex volatile metabolomic signature in terms of number of the identified VOCs and total GC peak areas compared with the other cell lines. Moreover, for all BC cell lines, the major chemical group identified was the higher alcohols, represented mainly by 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and cyclohexanol. These VOCs have already been reported in previous studies using BC cell lines, and in urine, from cancer patients. It is believed that their endogenous origin is as hydrocarbon metabolism byproducts. The obtained data indicated that the levels of both VOCs (2-ethyl-1-hexanol and cyclohexanol) were higher in all investigated BC cells than in normal cells (HMEC). This might be due to the production of lipid peroxidation biomarkers with hydroxylase that are mediated by cytochrome P450. Similar results were reported by Peled and collaborators when studying genetic mutations in lung cancer cells, and by Davies and collaborators, who compared the volatile profile from the headspace of lung cancer cells with genetic mutations in TP53 and KRAS. Most of the identified VOCs were common to all BC cell lines and normal human mammary epithelial cells, but six of them, 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, and 2-methyl butanoate, were detected only in BC cell lines. This finding justifies a more detailed investigation to evaluate of these six VOCs as BC biomarkers. The influence of pH on the VOCs identified from culture media The pH is one of the parameters that influences the extraction efficiency of VOCs and therefore it is required an optimization step. This was accomplished by the assessment of volatiles from culture media at different pH. We evaluated the effect of pH on the volatile signature obtained from culture media. At pH 2, the MCF-7 cells had the highest total GC peak area with acids (hexanoic acid, octanoic acid and 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid) being the most dominant chemical group. Aldehydes (benzaldehyde and 3,4-dimethyl-benzaldehyde) were the most predominant chemical group in the T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cells (; ). At pH 7, for MCF-7 cells, alkanes, ketones and alcohols were found the dominant chemical groups, which were represented by dodecane, 2-heptanone, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. For the other breast target cells alcohols (cyclohexanol) were the most representative chemical group. Finally, at pH 10 the main chemical group identified for MCF-7 cells were alkanes, ketones and alcohols (2-ethoxy-2-methyl-propane, acetone and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol). For T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cells, alcohols represented by cyclohexanol, presented the major contribution. As previously mentioned, it is believed that cancer cells have altered metabolisms leading to different volatile metabolomic patterns. This was observed in our study, where we identified some differences between BC cell lines and normal cells (). Several VOCs were found to be common in all breast cell lines for all conditions, including, 2-ethoxy-2-methyl-propane, acetone, 2-methyl-2-propanol, cyclohexanol, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-benzene and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol which had higher levels in BC cells. Ethyl acetate was only present in the T-47D cell line (). Kwak and collaborators described a similar study using melanoma cells and identified higher concentrations of acetone in cancer cells. The metabolomic origin of most VOCs is still unknown, as they rely on a variety of endogenous pathways and exogenous sources. Huang and collaborators reported that cyclohexanol and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol had lower concentrations in BC cells and suggested that they were generated by endogenous hydrocarbon metabolism. Hydrocarbons can be metabolized to aldehydes or ketones in the body via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and cytochrome P450 activities. The higher activity of cytochrome P450 may explain why BC cell lines have less cyclohexanol than normal breast cells. It can also induce a variety of biological responses, including the biotransformation of alkanes, alkenes and aromatic compounds. Furthermore, Philips et al. Suggested that breast diseases are associated with increases in oxidative stress and a higher activity of P450. Nevertheless, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol was found at higher levels in BC cells than in to normal cells. According to the human metabolome database, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol is involved in cell signaling, membrane integrity/stability and energy storage and it was also detected in lung cancer cell lines at increased levels when compared with the medium. At pH 10, the levels for most of the VOCs were higher in BC cells than in normal breast cells, including those of acetone, 2-pentanone, cyclohexanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and acetophenone. PCA and PLS-DA analyses of VOCs To verify the significance of the identified VOCs from the headspaces of the culture flasks and the cell culture media at different pH conditions, a one-way ANOVA test was applied to analyze the data matrix. From the identified VOCs, a total of 23 (from cultured flask headspace), 52 (from culture media at pH 2), 34 (from the culture media at pH 7) and 43 (from the culture media at pH 10) showed significant differences ( p. These results demonstrated that the scores from the cancer cell lines and those from the normal breast cells exhibited separate trends in the plots. Shows the loading scatterplots of the PCA obtained from the analysis of the VOCs in the headspace of cultured flasks. It can be observed that 3 groups were formed, where HMEC cells was clearly differentiated from BC cell lines, which showed greater differentiation from MCF-7 cell lines across the PC1 and from T-47D and MDA-MB-231 across the PC2. Interestingly, BC cell lines formed two separated groups according molecular subtype (luminal A versus triple negative). However, no differentiation was achieved between T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, which formed a single group, perhaps this grouping of the two cell lines might be due to the fact that they have similar molecular characteristics. The variables that explain the differentiation between cell lines are represented in. The PCs values of MCF-7 cell lines were influenced by most of variables used in this test. On the other hand, PCs values of T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were highly influenced by cyclohexanone, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and 1,3-dimethylbenzene for PC1, and by cyclohexanone for PC2. The HMEC cells were influenced by 4-methyl-heptane, tetradecane, benzaldehyde and acetophenone for PC1 values, and by 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene and phenol for PC2 values. Concerning the other tested conditions, the loading scatterplots of the PCA obtained from the analysis of VOCs from cell culture media at pH 2, pH 7 and pH 10, and respective influence of variables, are showed in. Surprisingly, four groups were formed encompassing all breast cell lines in study under pH 2 and pH 7, where MCF-7 was differentiated from other cell lines mainly across PC1, while HMEC, T-47D and MDA-MB-231 were differentiated from each other through PC2. Under pH 10, the pattern of differentiation between cell lines is similar to obtained for headspace, in which 3 groups (HMEC, T-47D/MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were formed. The differentiation between cell lines obtained under pH 2 and pH 7 may be due to the alterations of molecular components released under more acidic conditions than those normally present in the culture medium (pH 7.3). However, for differentiation and discrimination between normal breast cell lines and oncological breast cell lines based on the VOCs emitted as close to reality as possible in human cell tissues, partial least squares analysis (PLS) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were performed only with data from headspace of cell cultures. The statistical data summary of PLS and LDA are described in, respectively. Sample classification by PLS showed that the differentiation between cell lines was explained through one single component. PLS loading lineplot are presented in, which can be observed four centroids corresponding to each cell lines. Similar to obtained in the PCA, HMEC centroid was clearly differentiated from oncologic breast cell lines, and MCF-7 (triple negative type) was distinguished from two luminal A type cell lines. On the other hand, T-47D and MDA-MB-231 remain very close to each other, which PLS values was 0.0588 and 0.0037, respectively. Regarding the influence of variables on PLS values of cell lines, HMEC was highly influenced by 4-methyl-heptane, tetradecane, benzaldehyde and acetophenone, T-47D and MDA-MB-231 were influenced by cyclohexanone, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and 1,3-dimethylbenzene, and MCF-7 was influenced by the remaining VOCs. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was applied as a supervised pattern recognition method in order to discriminate statistically the cell lines under study, where samples were grouped according to molecular type as follows: N (HMEC), BL (T-47D and MDA-MB-231) and BTN (MCF-7). The LDA scatterplot of cell lines classification according to canonical functions were showed in. The cell lines samples formed three clearly defined groups with a classification rate of 100%. Recognition ability, calculated as the percentage of members of the data set that were correctly classified, and prediction ability, calculated as the percentage of members that were correctly classified, were 100% in all cases. After applying LDA with backward removal (p. This study demonstrated that HS-SPME/GC-MS is a simple, rapid, sensitive and solvent-free method that can be used to establish the volatile metabolomic patterns of normal and cancer breast cells. In addition, this study showed the potential of screening the in vitro VOCs associated with BC to identify potential volatile biomarkers to be used in early diagnosis. The headspace of culture media of normal and cancer cell lines was analyzed at different pH conditions. Sixty VOCs were identified as belonging to several chemical groups: namely, alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, acids, alcohols and benzene derivatives. Most of the identified VOCs are common to all BC cell lines and normal human mammary epithelial cells, but six of them, 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, and 2-methyl butanoate, were detected only in the headspace of cancer cell lines. Multivariate statistical data obtained in this study revealed that combining in vitro assays with HS-SPME/GC-MS is a useful strategy to differentiate and discriminate the volatile metabolomic signature of normal cells and BC cell lines according to molecular type, thus contributing to the discovery of novel biomarkers of BC and investigations of the related metabolomic pathways, and thereby improving the diagnostic tools for BC. Materials and reagents Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), sodium chloride was obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain), the SPME holder for manual sampling of SPME fiber [50/30 μm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS)] and the glass vials were purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). The SPME fiber was conditioned according to manufacturer’s instructions. Before each daily analysis, the fiber was conditioned for 10 min in the injector port to prevent carryover. T75 glass flasks were purchased from Ningbo (Ja-Hely Technology, China). Cell lines and cultivation conditions The human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 and human breast carcinoma cell lines T-47D and MDA-MB-231 were purchased from the Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (Braunschweig, Germany). MCF-7 was grown in 90% RPMI 1640 (Life technologies, Gibco ®) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Life technologies, Gibco ®), 1% Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution (AA, Life technologies, Gibco ®), 1% MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids solution (Life technologies, Gibco ®), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 10 μg/mL human insulin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA); T-47D cell line was grown in 85% RPMI 1640 supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution and 10 μg/mL human insulin, while the MDA-MB-231 cell line was grown in 85% RPMI 1640 supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution. Human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) were purchased from Life technologies (Gibco ®) and grown in HUMEC serum-free medium supplemented with 20 μg/mL of Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution (Life technologies, Gibco ®). All cells were incubated in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 and 95% air at 37 °C. Culture media was changed every 2 days and the cultures were passaged with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (Life technologies, Gibco ®) when 80% of confluence was achieved. VOC extraction from cell cultures To extract VOCs from cell cultures, glass flasks were treated with collagen to promote cell adherence. Briefly, the glass flasks were covered with a collagen solution (0.2 mg/mL) for 30 min and then washed with PBS (3 times). The cells were then cultured in the T75 flasks for 48 h. After this period, volatile metabolites were extracted using a 50/30 μm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) SPME fiber exposed in the headspace of the flasks for 45 min at 37 °C, followed by injection into the GC injection port for 10 min to allow the desorption of VOCs from the fiber. After these extractions, cell-free aliquots were collected from the flasks holding 10 mL of the culture medium with growing cells. They were centrifuged to remove any suspended cells, and then 1 mL aliquots were adjusted to pH 2, 7 or 10 with 1 M HCl or 1 M NaOH. After the addition of 200 mg NaCl and subsequent stirring (0.5 mm × 0.1 mm bar) at 800 rpm, the vials were capped with PTFE septa through which the SPME fiber was inserted in the headspace of the vial and placed in a thermostatic bath at 37 °C for 45 min. After this, the fiber was withdrawn into the needle and injected in the GC port (250 °C) over 10 min, when the analytes were thermally desorbed and transferred to the analytical column. Control headspace samples were also collected from flasks containing only empty media treated with the same incubation conditions to determine the contribution to the background. The analyses were performed in triplicate. GC-MS analysis VOCs in the headspace were analyzed using an Agilent Technologies 6890 N Network gas chromatograph system (Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with a BP-20 fused silica column (60 m × 0.25 mm I.D. × 0.25 μm film thickness, SGE, Dortmund, Germany) interfaced with an Agilent 5975 quadrupole inert mass selective detector. The following oven temperature profile was set: (a) 5 min at 45 °C; (b) increase temperature until 150 °C, at a rate of 2 °C min −1 (hold for 10 min); (c) 150 °C for 10 min; (d) increase temperature until 220 °C, at a rate of 7 °C min −1; and (e) 220 °C for 10 min. Column flow was constant at 1.0 mL/min using helium (He, N60, Air Liquide, Portugal) as the carrier gas. The injection port was maintained at 250 °C and operated in the splitless mode. Regarding MS analyses, the operating temperatures of the transfer line, quadrupole and ionization source were 270, 150 and 230 °C, respectively. The electron impact mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV and the ionization current was 10 μA, and data acquisition was performed in scan mode (30–200 m/z). The identification of metabolites was performed comparing mass spectra with the Agilent MS ChemStation Software (Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with the NIST05 mass spectral library with a similarity threshold higher than 80%, or with commercially standards when available. All experiments were performed in triplicate and the results were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis Statistical tests were performed using the StatSoft STATISTICA 12.0 (2013) software (Tulsa, OK, USA). Differences in VOCs between groups were tested with one-way ANOVA, and p. The relatively new technique of solid phase microextraction (SPME) is an important tool to prepare samples both in the lab and on-site. SPME is a 'green' technology because it eliminates organic solvents from analytical laboratory and can be used in environmental, food and fragrance, and forensic and drug analysis. This handbook offers a thorough background of the theory and practical implementation of SPME. SPME protocols are presented outlining each stage of the method and providing useful tips and potential pitfalls. In addition, devices and fiber coatings, automated SPME systems, SPME method development, and In Vivo applications are discussed. This handbook is essential for its discussion of the latest SPME developments as well as its in depth information on the history, theory, and practical application of the method. Practical application of Solid Phase Microextraction methods including detailed steps Provides history of extraction methods to better understand the process Suitable for all levels, from beginning student to experienced practitioner. TELUS Wi-Fi Plus allows you to expand the range of your home wireless network using the Actiontec WCB3000N or WEB6000Q Wi-Fi extender. These devices broadcast in both the 2.4 GHz and 5.0GHz bands. See below for more information on changing your wireless SSID/password, moving your Wi-Fi extender, or in-home Wi-Fi overall. WCB3000N Wi-Fi Extender: If you have an extender with the WCB3000N label on the front, you can download the or for more information. Images are included in these documents for reference. WEB6000Q Wi-Fi Extender: If you have an extender with the WEB6000Q label on the front, you can download the or for more information. Images are included in these documents for reference. Changing your wireless network name (SSID) and/or password By default, your Wi-Fi extender will have the same network name (SSID) and password as your Actiontec gateway. To customize your Wi-Fi extender network name and password, follow these steps: • Launch your web browser of choice (for example, Internet Explorer or Firefox, or Google Chrome) • Type the following into the address bar: 192.168.1.254 • From your keyboard, press Enter. The Home screen will be displayed • Locate the IP address of the Wi-Fi extender on the Home screen. It will take the form 192.168.1.xxx in the section indicated above • Type or copy and paste the IP address of the extender into your web browser’s address bar • From your keyboard, press Enter. The Wi-Fi extender Home screen will be displayed • To log in, type the following information: • Username: admin • Password: The original password can be found on either the bottom or back of the Wi-Fi extender depending on your device (unless you have already changed it) • Select Login. The main screen will be displayed. ![]() ![]() Your ZyXEL VSG-1432 wireless gateway features a preconfigured home Wi-Fi network. Your home Wi-Fi network name (SSID) and password are printed on a sticker located on the bottom of your wireless gateway. To set up a personalized secure home Wi-Fi network and wirelessly connect to the Internet, complete these. If it is your first time logging into your Wi-Fi extender you will be redirected to a screen to change your password • From the top of the screen, select Wireless Setup • Select the Basic Setup link (may appear as Wireless Security) under the Wireless Settings menu on the left • Complete the following fields: • Wireless Network Name: The name you and others will see when searching for your wireless network • Under Security Settings, leave WPA selected. • Change the entry in Password Phrase (may appear as PSK Key) to your desired network password Note: Your password must 8 to 63 characters long and can be made up of letters, numbers, or special characters 13. Select Apply Moving your Wi-Fi extender If you need to move your Wi-Fi extender to another location in your house, use the following instructions. Keep in mind that moving your Wi-Fi extender may result in decreased connectivity in certain areas. Instructions will vary depending on number and location of Ethernet jacks in your home. Be careful not to confuse a phone jack with an Ethernet jack: an Ethernet jack looks very much like a phone jack, but is slightly larger. If your home is not wired with Ethernet jacks everywhere, please for assistance. We may need to send a technician to install a new Ethernet jack for you (charges may apply). When you need to sign a check or fill out an order form, you automatically reach for your smooth-writing Montblanc fountain pen — at least you did until it suddenly stopped working. Rather than throwing it in the trash and buying a brand new pen, consider purchasing genuine Montblanc parts to repair the original. It fits just right in your hand and you can save considerable cash over a replacement. There are two basic ways to purchase Montblanc parts: the first is to buy individual parts, while the second is to purchase whole used pens, then scavenge the parts from them. Either way, the vast inventory available on eBay ensures you do not have to live without your favorite writing instrument for long. Pay attention to the model pens for replacement parts. For example, Montblanc 149 parts might not fit a 146 pen. When purchasing external parts, such as caps and barrels, make sure the colors match the original for a seamless replacement. Whether your pen is a vintage model or relatively new, keep clean towels on hand during the repair so the exterior of the Montblanc remains clean and unblemished. This is a comparison of the fake Montblanc Chopin I bought from Ebay, versus a real Montblanc Chopin I purchased from a Brick and Mortar store. The fake from Ebay was ~$300, so the price didn't scream fraud. Further, the pen came with an authentic box, CD and converter. The nib and serial number were clearly forged, but a novice may not have noticed. The fake is 'near-perfect' in that it passes the usual tests: • The resin has a burgundy glow when held under a light • The Pix symbol is present, with a serial number • The converter on the fake is actually a legitimate Montblanc converter The differences to watch for are: • The platinum trim is slightly thicker on the fake • There are no threads for the converter to screw into in the base • The nib clearly looks cheap - gold plated at best • The engraving appears to be stamped into the metal • Writes terribly! For reference, the serial number of the fake is EN1323305. If your pen has this serial number, it is not authentic. Be cautious, and always have the seller guarantee authenticity. Take any purchased pens to a Montblanc boutique and compare against a known authentic pen. People shouldn't view the Pix symbol as a meaningful test. Any halfway plausible fake/replica now bears it (at least for several years now). It is of course an easy step to replicate in the manufacturing process. Many fakes are easily distinguished by the nib and the engraving along the cap trim, even without a loupe. On ebay, perhaps the easiest technique is looking up serial numbers on google as there is likely to be other online activity for that serial number. This is the case for EN1323305. Glad you were able to finally get what you were looking for though! You have my gratitude for not buying a fake. I am a poor graduate student, and saved up longer than I care to admit for my pen. Mar 26, 2017 - 5 min - Uploaded by Peter von PandaThree Montblancs in very convincing boxes, etc. It looked exactly like your Montblanc fake. Compare your Montblanc to one you have determined is the real thing when possible. There's no better way than a side by side comparison to help you spot a fake. In the absence of an actual Montblanc pen, use a high-quality photograph as a reference guide. Look for the serial number on the ring connected to the clip on. I know prices for high-end items may seem unjustified, and in many cases this is true. Designer goods charge a premium for a name. Luxury goods charge a premium for quality. Montblanc makes a wonderful product that is worth every penny. Luxury is about quality; products that will last a lifetime. I promise that buying luxury goods from manufacturers that are dedicated to their craft is a worthwhile endeavor. Sure, the pair of Kenneth Coles may keep your feet dry, but the John Lobbs will carry you through the storms of life. A quartz Timex will keep more accurate time, but a Patek Philippe will persist beyond time. A Pearl River piano will convey the notes, but a Bosendorfer will convey emotion. A Bic ballpoint will put ink to paper, but a Montblanc will record the nuances of your every thought. EDIT: Reddit Gold!? I'm flattered, and you have my gratitude! I contacted Ebay, and they asked that I return it to the seller. I did, and received a full refund (without reimbursement for shipping). But I wasn't satisfied. I chose this seller because he had sold Montblanc pens to essentially all of his previous customers. I now realize that, rather than getting a legitimate 'bulk' discount, he likely bought the batch directly from the forgers. I proceeded to: • Contact all of his previous buyers (over a period of days, Ebay limits how many messages you can send) and inform them that they likely bought a fake. I included how to spot fakes, and the serial number on my pen. Some replied that yes, indeed, they had a fake and were pursuing action against him. Others were put-off, thinking that I was somehow a scammer. In any case, he lost more revenue. • I had his name and address from shipping the pen to his home. As it turns out, an FBI field office isn't far away. I contact the FBI, and an agent followed up with me. The last I heard, the agent was going to stop by his house to inquire about the fake pen sales. I hope they were able to charge him. You can easily purchase these extremely close replica's for ~25 bucks+ free shipping. From my experience they write well for what you pay. In my opinion however it makes more sense to get them from the counterfeit sites than the legitimate ones. IT's a huge liability to own a $18,000 pen from Dupont or Montblanc when you can easily buy the Chinese copy and a pretty decent gold nib for $50. It also allows poorer people to participate in owning something that resembles the real thing. Owning a pen that increases costs 'for inflation' ~9% is a joke, as any economist will tell you that any country almost never has over 3% inflation/year, anything above that is pretty abnormal. Tl;dr If it's a good copy it's a good copy. It's like arguing over who did the best cover of a song. The pen writes better than a noodler's ahab or lamy safari, and looks flashier too. As you showed yeah some of them have faults. But in my opinion it's a neat way to use the more destructive inks in pens that write and look well without fear of destroying them, dropping them, etc. Note, I only own ONE of the counterfeits, and one jinhao. Of all the pens people comment on, those are the only two, and they write well imo. Considering I've tried a jack knife 23 1/2, lamy, ahab, twsbi, cross fountain pens, Esterbrook, Pilot, Dip pens, many rollerballs, ballpoints, the platinum preppy. I could keep listing, but for the money you pay they're damn smooth and can't be beat. BTW, here are some that look like fakes, but easily $40 in bids. Yep, montblanc be rockin' that iridium point lol. If someone thinks they can make a better 'montblanc' for a cheaper price, I say bring it on. Competition is what keeps the economy so alive, and in this context, montblanc's only real competitors are counterfeiters and those with >$1000 disposable income for something that puts ink on a page and gets the same compliments as the chinese copy. All that said and done, The real montblanc is the only thing you'll get any securities out of until 300+ years pass and nobody can tell the difference anymore. I bet there are mabie todd counterfiets. I'd be surprised if anyone got called out on owning a 100 year old counterfeit though, when there aren't many factors to compare against. I understand your point, but I think you have misunderstood mine. You seem to make the following points: • The difference in writing quality isn't justified by the price • People compliment you just as frequently on fake pens • Rich people buy expensive things to show off My rebuttal would be as follows: • I have a Lamy Studio that writes well, but my Montblanc glides over the page. For the record, my Lamy wrote circles around the fake. I'm not a fountain pen addict - barring a catastrophe, the Montblanc is the last pen I will ever buy. The construction process at Montblanc is truly a blend of science and art, and their products are designed to last a lifetime. I doubt the fakes would last two years. Check out fountainpennetwork, where a user posted infrared shots comparing the base construction of a fake to a legitimate Montblanc. The fake nib is basically jammed into the base, which doesn't scream of lasting quality. • I didn't pay $500 for a pen to get compliments from strangers. If I wanted compliments, I'd buy fashion items not luxury items. See my response to planterspeanuts. The typical interaction I experience is a flavor of 'Wow! A fountain pen!' , rather than 'Wow! A Montblanc!' I paid $500 for a pen that writes extraordinarily well, and will continue to do so for the rest of my life. • I am far from rich, and I will not argue that rich people do sometimes spend money on expensive things to show off. I am arguing that investing in quality is an amortized cost: you pay more upfront, but the good lasts far longer than cheaper goods. Over a lifetime, you never need to continually purchase replacement goods if the first one was exceptionally well-made. • I couldn't find the infrared pictures, But I believe you. We seem to be arguing over two separate points. My claim is that it's a cheap way to make you feel better about yourself. Pens aren't something that just break, especially when they have no moving parts, like a fountain pen. Taking apart my jinhao was much harder than my other pens because they have a waterproof seal near the nib + feed. You have to admit though, the pens could be made a lot worse, considering some are $5 plus shipping, and do indeed write as smooth as a lamy or better. Jinhao is pretty good about that but for the montblanc copy maybe you got one that's marginally or much worse than others. I've heard of it being miss and hit, which montblanc is not. But sbebrown did a review of the jinhao replica and compared it to the 149 and thought it was a great deal. • Neither did I spend $500, I paid $4. The montblanc will do well until you drop it, and even if repair costs nothing and a jinhao lasts less than 2 years, it's perpetually worth more because lets say none of them last more than 2 years, I die 20 years from now, I paid ~$80 for a nice pen that didn't really change, and basically became 'brand new' every 2 years. Now assume the pen doesn't die every 2 years but instead I still buy one every year. That's still $80. Now lets assume the USA cracks down on these pens for one reason or another, despite their reliability, smoothness, cost, and fancy looks/variety. Because of this, each pen goes up maybe $5. Now It theoretically costs me nothing to own them, and by selling them I would get $50. (this assumes that the u.s govt doesn't stop trade of counterfeits from china completely, in which case the price would skyrocket much like the waterman ideals and stuff of the day, and I would be able to buy a real montblanc and have leftover money anyway if I sold them for $60 a pop Now back to your montblanc. It's raised it's prices so your pen's value went up, but it's still locked up in a form of investment you can't access, really IS worth something in gold, copper, whatever it may be, risks getting stolen, isn't something you would let leave the house, might require expensive repairs, might get dropped or ruined, and lets be honest, in the event of a apocalypse or financial collapse, I have 10 pens that look like real montblancs, and you only have one. Just because it's a fake doesn't mean people don't want it for a price at which you can profit. I'd tell them it's fake but honestly like I said earlier, it won't matter in 100 years if they do last that long, because the only manner of comparison is the one you're doing today. The odds of them both having all their documentation is slim to none, so it would be up to popular opinion, if they were even considered to be fake in the heat of finding a possible 'Roi de stylos'. Just because something is cheap, doesn't imply it is badly made. We already discussed the feed+nib issue so I won't bring that up here, but there are plenty of examples of cheap things that are or were well made. The typical Jacknife in 1918 or so was about $3.25. About $48 if you account for inflation in today's money. So where are all the $800 pens from 1918, you ask? They can't be found because materials were simply a victim of inflation and scarcity, and no pen needed to be over the $100 equivalent in today's money, except maybe the Shaeffer flat-tops, which today go for about 1/2 of their original value (inflation approx $150, today you can buy one for ~$80). So I would like to predict that 100 years from now, my jinhao will be worth $50, and your pen will be worth roughly half it's original value, even with montblanc price hikes and it's (hopefully) precious element laden barrel+nib. Either way, you paid $300 for a fake, which none of us here have probably done (knowingly). I'd have gotten a refund too, I'm not going to argue with that. You do however state that you'll never buy another pen or get addicted, but you bought a $300 second montblanc. Montblanc isn't the only quality penmaker and to be fair lots of vintage pens or even the jinhao can go toe to toe with one, and due to lack of moving parts will last just as long. Pa vei arbeidsbok Jan 27, 2017Video embeddedThis feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Pa vei arbeidsbok Documents Similar To P vei Arbeidsbok Skip carousel. Carousel previous carousel next. P Vei Arbeidsbok (A1og A2. P Vei - Arbeidsbok A1og A2 Play, streaming, watch and download p vei arbeidsbok video (01: 01), you can convert to mp4, 3gp, m4a for free. Download link. Pa vei arbeidsbok full download pa vei arbeidsbok from search results. Pa vei arbeidsbok hosted on extabit, rapidgator, rapidshare, lumfile, netload, uploaded and with keygen. Pa vei arbeidsbok Oct 20, 2015p vei arbeidsbok Ziptoz Z. Loading Unsubscribe from Ziptoz Z? 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